FLAP-D — Frankfurt, London, Amsterdam, Paris, Dublin — has been the whole European story for a decade, growing from 1.8 GW in 2019 to 3.8 GW. The growth inside it has become badly uneven.
In the first half of 2026, Paris delivered 72.5 MW, ahead of its own full-year forecast, on the strength of French nuclear output and EDF's grid-ready pipeline. Amsterdam delivered 16.3 MW and Dublin 11.4 MW — both throttled by connection rules rather than by demand.
Capital is broadening accordingly: Madrid, Milan, Lisbon and the Nordics are all attracting operators priced or zoned out of the core. The determining variable across every one of these markets is the same, and it is not property or labour. It is whether the grid will connect you, and how fast.